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def function(arg1="", arg2=""):
print "arg1: {0}".format(arg1)
print "arg2: {0}".format(arg2)
function("Hello", "World")
# prints args1: Hello
# prints args2: World
function()
# prints args1:
# prints args2:
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def foo(*args):
# just use "*" to collect all remaining arguments into a tuple
numargs = len(args)
print "Number of arguments: {0}".format(numargs)
for i, x in enumerate(args):
print "Argument {0} is: {1}".format(i, x)
foo()
# Number of arguments: 0
foo("hello")
# Number of arguments: 1
# Argument 0 is: hello
foo("hello", "World", "Again")
# Number of arguments: 3
# Argument 0 is: hello
# Argument 1 is: World
# Argument 2 is: Again
С±à²¹³ä£º¸üÒ»°ãµÄº¯Êý¶¨Ò巽ʽÊÇdef fun(*args,**kwargs)£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÐí¶àPythonÔ´ÂëÖз¢ÏÖÕâÖÖ¶¨Ò壬ÆäÖÐ*args±íʾÈκζà¸öÎÞÃû²ÎÊý£¬Ëü±¾ÖÊÊÇÒ»¸öÔª×étuple;**kwargs±íʾ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²ÎÊý£¬Ëü±¾ÖÊÉÏÊÇÒ»¸ö×Öµädict¡£
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import glob
# get all py files
files = glob.glob('*.py')
print files
# Output
# ['arg.py', 'g.py', 'shut.py', 'test.py']
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import itertools as it, glob
def multiple_file_types(*patterns):
return it.chain.from_iterable(glob.glob(pattern) \
for pattern in patterns)
for filename in multiple_file_types("*.txt", "*.py"):
# add as many filetype arguements
print filename
# output
# =========#
# test.txt
# arg.py
# g.py
# shut.py
# test.py
Èç¹ûÄãÏëµÃµ½Ã¿¸öÎļþµÄ¾ø¶Ô·¾¶£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ·µ»ØÖµÉϵ÷ÓÃrealpath()º¯Êý£º
import itertools as it, glob, os
def multiple_file_types(*patterns):
return it.chain.from_iterable(glob.glob(pattern) \
for pattern in patterns)
for filename in multiple_file_types("*.txt", "*.py"):
# add as many filetype arguements
realpath = os.path.realpath(filename)
print realpath
# output
#=========#
# C:\xxx\pyfunc\test.txt
# C:\xxx\pyfunc\arg.py
# C:\xxx\pyfunc\g.py
# C:\xxx\pyfunc\shut.py
# C:\xxx\pyfunc\test.py
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import logging, inspect
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)-8s %(filename)s:%(lineno)-4d: %(message)s',
datefmt='%m-%d %H:%M',
)
logging.debug('A debug message')
logging.info('Some information')
logging.warning('A shot across the bow')
def test():
frame, filename, line_number, function_name, lines, index = \
inspect.getouterframes(inspect.currentframe())[1]
print(frame, filename, line_number, function_name, lines, index)
test()
# Should print the following (with current date/time of course)
# 10-19 19:57 INFO test.py:9 : Some information
# 10-19 19:57 WARNING test.py:10 : A shot across the bow
# (, 'C:/xxx/pyfunc/magic.py', 16, '', ['test()\n'], 0)
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ÆäʵÓÐÒ»¸öÃûΪuuid()µÄPythonº¯ÊýÊÇÓÃÓÚÕâ¸öÄ¿µÄµÄ¡£
import uuid
result = uuid.uuid1()
print result
# output => various attempts
# 9e177ec0-65b6-11e3-b2d0-e4d53dfcf61b
# be57b880-65b6-11e3-a04d-e4d53dfcf61b
# c3b2b90f-65b6-11e3-8c86-e4d53dfcf61b
Äã¿ÉÄÜ»á×¢Òâµ½£¬¼´Ê¹×Ö·û´®ÊÇΨһµÄ£¬µ«ËüÃǺó±ßµÄ¼¸¸ö×Ö·û¿´ÆðÀ´ºÜÏàËÆ¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪÉú³ÉµÄ×Ö·û´®ÓëµçÄÔµÄMACµØÖ·ÊÇÏàÁªÏµµÄ¡£
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import hmac, hashlib
key = '1'
data = 'a'
print hmac.new(key, data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
m = hashlib.sha1()
m.update("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
print m.hexdigest()
# c6e693d0b35805080632bc2469e1154a8d1072a86557778c27a01329630f8917
# 2fd4e1c67a2d28fced849ee1bb76e7391b93eb12
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import pickle
variable = ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple']
# serialize content
file = open('serial.txt', 'w')
serialized_obj = pickle.dumps(variable)
file.write(serialized_obj)
file.close()
# unserialize to produce original content
target = open('serial.txt', 'r')
myObj = pickle.load(target)
print serialized_obj
print myObj
# output
# (lp0
# S'hello'
# p1
# aI42
# a(lp2
# I1
# aS'two'
# p3
# aaS'apple'
# p4
# a.
# ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple']
ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÔÉúµÄPythonÐòÁл¯·½·¨¡£È»¶ø½ü¼¸ÄêÀ´JSON±äµÃÁ÷ÐÐÆðÀ´£¬PythonÌí¼ÓÁ˶ÔËüµÄÖ§³Ö¡£ÏÖÔÚÄã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃJSONÀ´±à½âÂë¡£
import json
variable = ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple']
print "Original {0} - {1}".format(variable, type(variable))
# encoding
encode = json.dumps(variable)
print "Encoded {0} - {1}".format(encode, type(encode))
# deccoding
decoded = json.loads(encode)
print "Decoded {0} - {1}".format(decoded, type(decoded))
# output
# Original ['hello', 42, [1, 'two'], 'apple'] -
# Encoded ["hello", 42, [1, "two"], "apple"] -
# Decoded [u'hello', 42, [1, u'two'], u'apple'] -
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µ±Ì¸ÆðѹËõʱÎÒÃÇͨ³£Ïëµ½Îļþ£¬±ÈÈçZIP½á¹¹¡£ÔÚPythonÖÐÒ²¿ÉÒÔѹËõ³¤×Ö·û£º
import zlib
string = """ Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
adipiscing elit. Nunc ut elit id mi ultricies
adipiscing. Nulla facilisi. Praesent pulvinar,
sapien vel feugiat vestibulum, nulla dui pretium orci,
non ultricies elit lacus quis ante. Lorem ipsum dolor
sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam
pretium ullamcorper urna quis iaculis. Etiam ac massa
sed turpis tempor luctus. Curabitur sed nibh eu elit
mollis congue. Praesent ipsum diam, consectetur vitae
ornare a, aliquam a nunc. In id magna pellentesque
tellus posuere adipiscing. Sed non mi metus, at lacinia
augue. Sed magna nisi, ornare in mollis in, mollis
sed nunc. Etiam at justo in leo congue mollis.
Nullam in neque eget metus hendrerit scelerisque
eu non enim. Ut malesuada lacus eu nulla bibendum
id euismod urna sodales. """
print "Original Size: {0}".format(len(string))
compressed = zlib.compress(string)
print "Compressed Size: {0}".format(len(compressed))
decompressed = zlib.decompress(compressed)
print "Decompressed Size: {0}".format(len(decompressed))
# output
# Original Size: 1022
# Compressed Size: 423
# Decompressed Size: 1022
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import atexit
import time
import math
def microtime(get_as_float=False):
if get_as_float:
return time.time()
else:
return '%f %d' % math.modf(time.time())
start_time = microtime(False)
atexit.register(start_time)
def shutdown():
global start_time
print "Execution took: {0} seconds".format(start_time)
atexit.register(shutdown)
# Execution took: 0.297000 1387135607 seconds
# Error in atexit._run_exitfuncs:
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:\Python27\lib\atexit.py", line 24, in _run_exitfuncs
# func(*targs, **kargs)
# TypeError: 'str' object is not callable
# Error in sys.exitfunc:
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:\Python27\lib\atexit.py", line 24, in _run_exitfuncs
# func(*targs, **kargs)
# TypeError: 'str' object is not callable
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